A battery is an energy conversion and storage device. It transforms chemical or physical energy into electrical energy through reactions. Depending on the type of energy conversion, batteries can be classified into chemical batteries and physical batteries.
- **Primary Batteries**:
- Also known as non-rechargeable or disposable batteries.
- Cannot be recharged; once the chemical reaction is exhausted, the battery cannot be used again.
- Examples: alkaline batteries, zinc-carbon batteries.
- **Secondary Batteries**:
- Also known as rechargeable batteries or storage batteries.
- The chemical reactions are reversible, allowing the battery to be recharged and reused multiple times.
- Examples: nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries.
Common battery standards include:
- **International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards**:
- NiMH battery standard: IEC 61951-2:2003.
- Lithium-ion battery industry often follows UL or national standards.
- **National Standards (GB)**:
- NiMH battery standards: GB/T 15100-1994, GB/T 18288-2000.
- Lithium battery standards: GB/T 10077-1998, YD/T 998-1999, GB/T 18287-2000.
- **Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)**:
- JIS C standards for batteries.
The **International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)** is a global standards organization comprising national electrotechnical committees. It aims to promote standardization in the electrical and electronic fields worldwide. IEC standards are developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission.
